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Frbiz.com more reports northeastern base salary mobile

According to a joint venture between the parties in developing the plan in 2004, the new company plans to produce three million handsets in 2005, the production of 5 million dollars for 2008 reach 10 million. In addition to providing important sales channel for large, some of these products are delivered directly to the South Korean market, the two parts of the report output is determined based on the actual situation.

In fact, except for pre-existing mold Daxian, batteries, electronic components outside the factory, established in Dalian Daxian Investment Pacific Electronic Co., Ltd., a joint venture with Ericsson Bluetooth solutions the society, and a number of associated manufacturers, are due to the production line of mobile phones to benefit from capacity expansion. Pantech Lee Shang Zhu business leader said that royalties from Qualcomm, based on the reasons for the initial creation of the joint venture also hopes that the hiring of replacement parts for Pantech cell phone for Korea to Dalian assembly. The Korean people believe that the further development of related industries, more companies will be communications in South Korea to purchase accessories Dalian Daxian commission or OEM.

Earlier this year, China Unicom Chairman of the goal of Mr. Wang is to add 13 million CDMA users. In late May, China Unicom CDMA subscriber additions less than $ 300 million, therefore, a sales manager, Daxian China Unicom will be introduced in the second half and the strengthening of measures to promote the market, hoping to take this opportunity to attack. To this end, Daxian has prepared a variety of devices to meet market needs, including mobile phones MMS, mobile phones E color, camera phones and so on. />

U.S. Commerce Secretary visited the Cummins plant emissions treatment system

To Locke (left) shows Kangmingsiou 4 Engine Product

2009 7 15, a working visit to China, Chinese-American Commerce Secretary Gary Locke today arrived at the Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone of Cummins Emission System Beijing factory tours, and praised it as both countries seek Environmental protection Win-win cooperation in the field to create a good case.

Cummins engine exhaust emission treatment system of production of catalytic exhaust systems and related products, is to help reduce emissions of commercial vehicles to meet stricter emissions standards around the world the key components. Its main business includes supporting new models for the OEMs and the transformation in the use of vehicles.

2008, the Cummins Emission System Beijing factory was inaugurated in order to achieve a post-processing products in China, local production. The factory mainly produces selective catalytic reduction of post-processing system (SCR) and related components. This product can help significantly reduce engine NOx and particulate emissions levels from diesel engine emissions to achieve four key parts of the country. China plans to start in January 2011 to implement State 4 emission standards (emission standards equivalent to Euro 4).

The Locke and another U.S. government-Chinese Minister of Steven Chu’s visit to China as a major goal is to work together to promote environmental protection between the two countries to reduce emissions and the new Energy Cooperation, carry out the “green diplomacy.” The Cummins will reduce emissions of advanced engines and key environmental Parts Technology into China, local production, to help Chinese customers to achieve reduced emissions targets, it is the perfect embodiment of this win-win cooperation.

Locke, vice president at Cummins, Cummins (China) Investment Co., Ltd. Chairman and CEO of China Jinsheng (JohnWatkins), Cummins (China) Investment Co., Ltd. Engineering and Technology Director of Rebound, Cummins Emission System Wang Bin, General Manager of China, and factory emissions treatment system, accompanied by head MichaelPritchard watched with great interest Cummins Emission Solutions products in the production process.

U.S. Commerce Secretary visits Cummins Emission treatment system plant

At the scene show a selective catalytic reduction systems installed Cummins Euro 4 engine ISB6.7 ago, Locke asked in detail about the engine through the post-processing system works to achieve lower emissions. He then went to one with four engines mounted Kangmingsiou bus hybrid buses in Beijing before the lean post-processing view of Cummins engines and products in the actual installation of the bus to the accompanying Cummins engine products to learn more about this clean reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter related to the situation.

Gary Locke (left) board with four engines mounted Kangmingsiou bus hybrid buses in Beijing

Locke fully affirmed the power of Cummins products and to promote clean technology efforts. In the bus before, Locke said the media to cover the event, Cummins clean engine technology application in China is between the two countries to achieve win-win cooperation in the field of environment is another successful model. Cummins engines will be the nation’s leading environmental technologies to the Chinese localization of production, not only for Chinese workers has created more job opportunities and continue to develop better low-emission power products, to improve the atmospheric environment in China to contribute.

“We are very proud to have the opportunity to demonstrate clean technology offers a win-win cooperation”, China Jinsheng said, “our environmental technologies and products for the two peoples in the economic and environmental fields to create value. Cummins has been first to meet the most stringent worldwide emission regulations. We are committed to the most advanced technology into the Chinese market for our customers to continuously develop innovative solutions to reduce emissions. in China towards more stringent emissions standards in the process of , Cummins will strive to help our customers achieve the dual environmental and performance excellence. ”

A Forever Recovery Speaks About Your Choice In Treatment

Choosing a drug and alcohol treatment center to help you heal from an addiction can be a difficult task. However, from the perspective of A Forever Recovery, a wise choice is essential. As you search for a drug and alcohol treatment facility, consider the options offered by A Forever Recovery, a treatment center located in Battle Creek, Michigan. You will notice that there are different approaches to recovery. A Forever Recovery can recommend a program that matches your own thoughts about what kind of treatment is essential.

Remember to ask the A Forever Recovery counselor specific questions about the different types of drug and alcohol rehabilitation programs that would be made available as you make this life changing decision. Counselors at A Forever Recovery freely answer questions asked by interested callers who are looking for a path to recovery.

Does the program offer comprehensive detoxification? Both conventional and holistic methods like massage, acupuncture, and sauna therapies are often used to aid in the physical elements of recovery. The clients of A Forever Recovery are highly encouraged to participate in a beneficial, voluntary physical program. Once the body is freed and healed from the adverse effects of drug addiction, then A Forever Recovery counselors can help you start to heal your mind and spirit as well.

A Forever Recovery provides clients with a drug and alcohol addiction treatment program that is open ended, with most individuals averaging a 30 – 90 day stay. With various drug and alcohol addiction treatment pathways available, you can rebuild a solid foundation for healthy living utilizing an addiction treatment program suited to your own particular beliefs.

The drug rehabilitation programs of A Forever Recovery offer an alternative to the typical Minnesota Model 12-step program.  A Forever Recovery includes methods such as a faith-based rehabilitation, holistic rehabilitation, massage and acupuncture therapy, sauna detoxification, and vitamin and nutritional therapy.  Using comprehensive building blocks of treatment, A Forever Recovery assures clients a stable and permanent path to recovery.

Honda treatment Revive Old Business Incentives

Governor Mike Easley recently announced details of the offer from Honda. He said that the state has contributed about billions of dollars in economic incentives to encourage Honda is building its new plant in Alamance County.

With the new contract with Honda, the maker of the assembly of the Honda engine, the controversy over incentives offers such as once did with Dell and Google will surely surface again that critics say they are similar provisions damage to taxpayers in the long term.

Senate leaders have already agreed to settle the problem, unfortunately, the Committee has never had the opportunity to sit down and talk. Honda In his announcement, Governor Mike Easley has touted the state’s capacity to create new jobs. He said: “We are trying to recoup the cost of doing business down and the education level of our workforce in place from the latest figures just to get in North Carolina has the lowest corporate tax burden . in the country. “

The additional jobs that Governor Easley boasted not costless and in this case, cost the state about one million dollars in economic incentives, but again the comparison with 0 million more offers attention to Dell and Google, the incentives to Honda, a small business. These incentives to investors such as Honda, Dell and Google generally includes property taxes with little or no property tax for 30 years, was how the offer made to Google.

According to the authors, it is essential to provide incentives for investors to compete with other states are also using incentives to attract investors. He said he will not be fair for companies benefiting from these incentives are considered to provide benefits such as creating new jobs and, of course, help to increase revenue. Dell has received one of the incentive agreements the most luxurious of the State — why? Governor Easley did not mention the reason.

Senator David Hoyle (D-Gaston) said: “I want the Congress or the federal courts outlawed incentives if they did, North Carolina will receive all the jobs people like to be here want to be here .. .

A committee was already established by Senate President Pro Tem Marc Basnight and Senator Hoyle to solve the problem, but the Commission has yet to accomplish. Hoyle has also declared its intention to hold meetings after an approved budget. He said: “I think he did a rehearsal, as the Baptists say, and I think it’s a shame they do I think that’s a problem that must be considered very carefully ..”

In the case of Honda, which will provide 70 jobs with an average salary of 0000, but critics oppose the wage figures. Representative Luebke said: “The administrator will make 15 to 50 times the average worker, so we need to know what the average worker is -. This is important, “

Contrary to popular rhetoric, buffing wax onto new automotive acrylic paint is not the best way to preserve the color and shine of your paint. In fact it is the beginning of the end of your factory shine.

Wax has been around since the dawn of time, The automotive industry has had the benefit of wax since it’s inception.

However no matter how brilliant the paint may be when the car rolls off the showroom floor. After just one waxing the paint is changed forever. Some extremest actually promote claying and polishing a brand new car!

These people have an agenda that involves their selling or performing a service that includes some form of automotive wax.

They bank on your ignorance of the damage that excessive and redundant friction can to to a factory finish. They don’t care about your paint job.

They care about the money they can make with their wax and the temporary shine they can achieve with it.

The health and condition of your paint was never a consideration, its always about the wax.

In fact wax is a protective covering that is used to create a water barrier on your cars paint. It can also be buffed to a shine.

Beyond those two pros every thing else about wax is a con.

Its wasteful

its messy

it yellows

It hazes

It hardens

It requires buffing

It promotes swirl marks in your paint

It is time consuming

It cannot be applied in direct sunlight

It cannot be applied in freezing weather

It is a friction based application

It builds up

It has to be removed

It dulls

There are advancements in acrylic paint that make the use of wax or polish risky.

New automotive acrylic paint does not need to be buffed, poished or waxed it needs to be preserved and the best way to preserve acrylic paint is with an acrylic paint conditioner.

Unlike wax the acrylic conditioner has none of the above problems,

In fact it is the exact opposite in every respect.

Basically the acrylic paint conditioner is not a covering, it makes the paint shine from within. An acrylic paint conditioner will never dull. There is no waste and it can be applied in all temperatures and sunlight. It applies in minutes lasts for months and never has to be removed.

1. Never Dulls

2. Can be applied in hot sun

3. Can be applied in freezing temperature

4. Does not yellow

5. Does not have to be removed

6. Requires no buffing

7. Does not harden

8. Does not create swirl marks

9. Pure liquid

10. Rust resistant

11. Easy one step application

12. Eliminates the need for Clay

13. Eliminates the need for polish

14. Creates a shine within the paint

15. Is absorbed into the paint

16. Creates no debris or waste

17. For “Scratch Shield paint”

18. Preserves factory finish

19. Does not trap and hold particles

20. Has built in cleaning agents

21. Eliminates the need for soap

22. Protects Chrome & wheel from road salt

23. Conditions and shines black vinyl trim

24. Conditions and preserves clear headlights

25. Deoxidizes and restores color to acrylic paint

26. Conditions & replaces essential elements in paint

27. Takes less than a half an hour to apply

28. Unique in the market

29. Non abrasive

30. Efficient, 95% goes in the paint 5% in the towel

Perfect for new cars of all colors from black to white, An acrylic paint conditioner will out perform any wax or polish in the preservation of the original shine and color of new automotive acrylic paint.

With the rise in childhood obesity in the United States looming over the heads of millions of parents, many are encouraging children to become more active through daily play and recreational sports. Children as young as three participate in a wide variety of physical activities including all types of dance, football, baseball, swimming, soccer, martial arts and much more.

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) approximately 3 million children and adolescents ages 14 and under are hurt every year playing sports or participating in recreational activities and the majority of organized sports-related injuries (60 percent) happen during practice. With nearly 30 million children playing team sports or engaging in recreational activities regularly, 3 million injuries annually is a big number.

Among the injuries most likely to occur, you will find the following: sprained ligaments, strained muscles, stress fractures, heat injuries, bruises, dental injuries, and head injuries. The most severe of these is the head injury. When there is a death related to childrens sports activity it will most likely happen because of a brain injury and chances are, the child will have been skating, skateboarding or on a bike at the time of the injury.

The death of a child due to any injury sustained while engaging in sports or recreational activities is very rare. More often than not, any pain or injury a child gets playing sports is relatively minor and can be treated at home using simple pain relief measures.

While some pediatric sports injuries will require medical attention, there are common injuries that can be taken care of from home. Bruises, sore muscles, scrapes and cuts can all be handled at home using simple remedies like an ice pack, a heating pad, and even over-the-counter pain medication. Older children, especially teenagers who participate in junior varsity and varsity contact sports like football, soccer, basketball and baseball, can take advantage of deep-penetrating topical creams for pain.

The best places to get the most effective topical creams for pain relief are from chiropractors’ offices or from the office of a physical therapist. Mass retailers, like WalMart and Walgreens, sell some prescription strength products over-the-counter. One that we found on a WalMart shelf is Blue-Emu, a topical cream that claims to soothe bruises, sore muscles and more using, among other key ingredients, Emu Oil. A little research showed that the Aboriginal people of Australia have long used Emu Oil to cure a myriad of aches and pains. For older child athletes, a strong topical cream may be just what they need for sore muscles.

According to the AAP, children between the ages of 5 and 14 account for roughly 40 percent of sports-related injuries for all age groups. While we want to encourage children to live active, healthy lifestyles we also need to be certain that we are taking every precaution to ensure their safety as they play.

Description

Western Mexico archaeological sites. The orange circles show archaeogical sites. The larger green circles highlight the most important sites. Note that the sites form what has been called the “shaft tomb arc” which extends from northwest Nayarit through the central Jalisco highlands and down to Colima.

The shaft tomb tradition is thought to have developed around 300 BCE. Some shaft tombs predate the tradition by more than 1000 years for example, the shaft tomb at El Opeo in Michoacan has been dated to 1500 BCE but is linked to Central, rather than Western, Mexico. Like much else concerning the tradition, its origins are not well understood, although the valleys around Tequila, Jalisco, which include the archaeological sites of Huitzilapa and Teuchitlan, constitute its “undisputed core”. The tradition lasted until at least 300 CE although there is not wide agreement on the end date.

The Western Mexico shaft tombs are characterized by a vertical or nearly vertical shaft, dug 3 to 20 metres down into what is often underlying volcanic tuff. The base of the shaft opens into one or two (occasionally more) horizontal chambers, perhaps 4 by 4 metres (varying considerably), with a low ceiling. The shaft tombs were often associated with an overlying building.

Multiple burials are found in each chamber and evidence indicates that the tombs were used for families or lineages over time. The labor involved in the creation of the shaft tombs along with the number and quality of the grave goods indicate that the tombs were used exclusively by the society’s elites, and demonstrate that the shaft tomb cultures were highly stratified at this early date.

An ancestor pair from Nayarit, 100 BCE – 200 CE, executed in the Ixtln del Ro style.

Ceramic figurines and tableaus

Grave goods within these tombs include hollow ceramic figures, obsidian and shell jewelry, semi-precious stones, pottery (which often contained food), and other household implements such as spindle whorls and metates (see this Flickr photo for a reconstruction). More unusual items include conch shell trumpets covered with stucco and other appliques. Unlike those of other Mesoamerican cultures such as the Olmec and the Maya, shaft tomb artifacts carry little to no iconography and so are seemingly bereft of symbolic or religious meaning.

The plentiful ceramic figurines have attracted the most attention, and are among the most dramatic and interesting produced in Mesoamerica. In fact, these ceramics were apparently the primary outlet for artistic expression for the shaft tomb cultures and there is little to no record of associated monumental architecture, stelae, or other public art.

Since the vast majority of these ceramics are without provenance, analysis has largely focused on the ceramics’ styles and subjects.

Styles

The major stylistic groups include:

Ixtlan del Rio. These abstract figurines have flat, squarish bodies with highly stylized faces complete with nose rings and multiple earrings. Seated figurines have thin rope-like limbs while the standing figurines have short stocky limbs. One of the first styles to be described, noted ethnographer, and caricaturist Miguel Covarrubias stated that it “reaches the limits of absurd, brutal caricature, a peculiar aesthetic concept that relishes the creation of haunting subhuman monstrosities”. Art historian George Kubler finds that “the square bodies, grimacing mouths, and staring eyes convey a disturbing expression which is only in part resolved by the animation and plastic energy of the turgid forms”.

A Chinesco-style figurine (Type C), showing the archetypal puffy, slit-like eyes and short tapered legs.

Photo courtesy of M Harrsch

“Chinesca” or “Chinesco” figurines were named by art dealers after their supposed Chinese-like appearance. An early type, Chinesco is identified with Nayarit and up to five major subgroups have been identified, although there is considerable overlap. Type A figurines, the so-called “classic Chinesco”, are realistically rendered. One prominent curator, Michael Kan, finds that “their calm, subtle exterior suggests rather than demonstrates emotion”. These Type A figures are so similar to one another that is has been suggested that they were the production of a single “school”. Types B through E are more abstract, characterized by puffy, slit-like eyes blended into the face, and broad rectangular or triangular heads. These figures are often shown seated or reclining, with shortened bulbous legs quickly tapering to a point.

The Ameca style, associated with Jalisco, is characterized by an elongated face and a high forehead which is often capped by braids or turban-like headgear. The aquiline nose is also elongated and the large eyes are wide and staring, with pronounced rims created by adding separate strips of clay (“fillets”) around the eyes. The wide mouth is closed or slightly opened and the large hands have carefully delineated nails. Kubler detects both an early “sheep-faced” style that seem “eroded or melted in the continuous passages of modelling that unite rather than divide the parts of the body” and a later style which are “more animated and more incisively articulated”.

Colima ceramics can be identified by their smooth, round forms and their warm brown-red slip. Colima is particularly known for its wide range of animal, especially dog, figurines (see below). Human subjects within the Colima style are more “mannered and less exuberant” than other shaft tomb figurines.

Other styles include El Arenal, San Sebastin, and Zacatecas. Although there is general agreement on style names and characteristics, it is not unanimous. Moreover, these styles often overlap to one degree or another, and many figurines defy categorization.

Subject matter

Common subjects of shaft tomb tradition ceramics are:

Ceramic tableaus showing several or even several dozen people engaged in various seemingly typical activities. Concentrated in highland Nayarit and adjoining Jalisco, these tableaus present rich ethnographic insight into funerary practices, the Mesoamerican ballgame, architecture (most importantly perishable architecture), and perhaps even religious thought during the late Formative period. Some tableaus are almost photographic in their detail and have even been associated with architecture ruins in the field.

A fat (and perhaps fattened) dog from Colima.

Photo courtesy of T Aleto

Ceramic dogs are widely known from looted tombs in Colima. Dogs were generally believed in Mesoamerican cultures to represent soul guides of the dead and several dog ceramics wear human masks. Nonetheless, it should also be noted that dogs were often the major source of animal protein in ancient Mesoamerica.

Ancestor (or marriage) pairs of male and female figurines are common among shaft tomb tradition grave goods. These figurines, perhaps representing ancestors, may be joined or separate and are often executed in the Ixtln del Ro style.

Many shaft tomb figurines, spanning various Western Mexico styles and locations, wear a horn set high on the forehead. Several theories have been advanced for these horns: that they show that the figure is a shaman, that they are abstract conch shells (a not uncommon shaft tomb relic) and as such are an emblem of rulership, or are a phallic symbol. These theories are not mutually exclusive.

Uses

While these ceramics were obviously recovered as grave goods, there is a question of whether they were specifically created for a mortuary rite, or whether they were used prior to burial, perhaps by the deceased. While some ceramics do show signs of wear, it is as yet unclear whether this was the exception or the rule.

A Zacatecas style ceramic figurine showing the distinctive horns (perhaps bundles of hair) found on male figurines. Both male and female figurines display the characteristic flat-top heads and rope-like arms.

Photo courtesy of RightIndex

Context

Western Mexico cultures

Considerable effort has been made connecting the shaft tomb tradition to the Teuchitln tradition, a complex society that occupies much the same geography as the shaft tomb tradition.

Unlike the typical Mesoamerican pyramids and rectangular central plazas, the Teuchitln tradition is marked by central circular plazas and unique conical pyramids. This circular architectural style is seemingly mirrored in the many circular shaft tomb tableau scenes. Known primarily from this architecture, the Teuchitln tradition rises at roughly the same time as the shaft tomb tradition, 300 BCE, but lasts until 900 CE, many centuries after the end of the shaft tomb tradition. The Teuchitln tradition appears to be an outgrowth and elaboration of the shaft tomb tradition.

Mesoamerican cultures

Because western Mexico is on the very periphery of Mesoamerica, it has long been considered outside the Mesoamerican mainstream and the cultures at this time appear to be particularly insulated from many mainstream Mesoamerican influences. For example, no Olmec-influenced artifacts have been recovered from shaft tombs, nor are any Mesoamerican calendars or writing systems in evidence, although some Mesoamerican cultural markers, particularly the Mesoamerican ballgame, are present.

An Ameca-style figurine from Jalisco. The horn is a not-uncommon feature of many tradition figurines. The ball would appear to link the subject to the Mesoamerican ballgame.

Photo courtesy of Zeetz Jones

Despite this, the inhabitants of this area lived much like their Mesoamerican counterparts elsewhere. The usual trio of beans, squash, and maize was supplemented with chiles, manioc and other tubers, various grains, and with animal protein from domestic dogs, turkeys, and ducks, and from hunting. They lived in thatched roof wattle-and-daub houses, grew cotton and tobacco, and conducted some long-distance trade in obsidian and other goods.

Shaft tombs themselves are not encountered elsewhere in Mesoamerica and their nearest counterparts come from northwestern South America.

South American shaft tombs

Shaft tombs also appear in northwestern South America in a somewhat later timeframe than western Mexico (e. g. 200-300 CE in northern Peru, later in other areas). To Dorothy Hosler, Professor of Archaeology and Ancient Technology at MIT, “The physical similarities between the northern South American and West Mexican tomb types are unmistakable. ” while art historian George Kubler finds that the western Mexican chambers “resemble the shafted tombs of the upper Cauca river in Colombia”. However, others disagree that the similarity of form demonstrates cultural linkages — Karen Olsen Bruhns states that “this sort of contact . . . seems mainly in the (muddled) eye of the synthesizer”.

However, other linkages between Western Mexico and northwestern South America have been proposed, in particular the development of metallurgy. See Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica.

A ceramic house showing the distinctive roof associated not only with the shaft tomb cultures but the subsequent Teuchitlan tradition as well. It has been proposed that these models show the house of the living above and attached to the house of the dead.

History of scholarly research

The first major work to discuss artifacts associated with the shaft tomb tradition was Carl Lumholtz’s 1902 work, Unknown Mexico. Along with illustrations of several of the grave goods, the Norwegian explorer described a looted shaft tomb he had visited in 1896. He also visited and described the ruins of Tzintzuntzan, the seat of Tarascan empire some 150 miles (250 km) to the east, and was one of the first to incorrectly use the term “Tarascan” to describe the shaft tomb artifacts.

During the 1930s, artist Diego Rivera began accumulating many Western Mexico artifacts for his private collection, a personal interest that sparked a wider public interest in West Mexican grave goods. It was in the late 1930s that one of the most prominent of Western Mexico archaeologists, Isabel Kelly, began her investigations. In the period from 1944 until 1985, Kelly would eventually publish over a dozen scholarly papers on her work in this region. In 1948, she was the first to hypothesize the existence of the “shaft tomb arc”, the geographic distribution of shaft tomb sites over western Mexico (see map above).

In 1946, Salvador Toscano challenged the attribution of shaft tomb artifacts to the Tarascans, a challenge that was echoed in 1957 by Miguel Covarrubias who firmly declared that Tarascan culture appeared only “after the 10th century”. Toscano’s and Covarrubias’s views were later upheld by radiocarbon dating of plundered shaft tombs’ charcoal and other organic remains salvaged in the 1960s by Diego Delgado and Peter Furst. As the result of these excavations and his ethnological investigations of the modern-day indigenous Huichol and Cora peoples of Nayarit, Furst proposed that the artifacts were not only mere representations of ancient peoples, but also contained deeper significance. The model houses, for example, showed the living dwelling in context with the dead a miniature cosmogram and the horned warriors (as discussed above) were shaman battling mystical forces.

In 1974, Hasso von Winning published an exhaustive classification of Western Mexico shaft tomb artifacts (including, for example, the Chinesco A through D types mentioned above), a classification still largely in use today.

The 1993 discovery of an unlooted shaft tomb at Huitzilapa is the latest major milestone, providing “the most detailed information to date on the funerary customs” associated with shaft tomb tradition.

Notes

An Ameca-style figurine from Jalisco. Height: 22 in (56 cm).

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Western Mexico shaft tomb culture

^ AMNH, , which further cites Butterwick, Kristi (2004) Heritage of Power: Ancient Sculpture from West Mexico, Metropolitan Museum of Art.

^ Kappelman,

^ The International Council of Museum estimates that 90% of the clay figurines come from illegal excavations ICOM.

^ Williams, Classic period page as well as Danien, p. 23. Interestingly enough, there is some evidence (Meighan & Nicholson, p. 42) that many tombs were looted in ancient times.

^ Judy Sund, p. 13.

^ See Townsend, Richard (1998) Ancient West Mexico: Art and Archaeology of the Unknown Past, Thames & Hudson.

Also, in the fourth edition of his Mexico: from the Olmecs to the Aztecs, Michael Coe talks about “our abysmal ignorance of the prehistory of the area”, p. 56.

^ The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures says, for example, that “At no time in the pre-Hispanic era did any political or cultural entity impose itself on the whole region, even though certain cultural patterns (such as the building of shaft-and-chamber tombs) have in fact been widely diffused”, Michelet p. 328. Beekman (2000, p. 393) makes the same argument.

^ Williams, Classic period page and most other sources give the 300 BCE date. For example, Dominique Michelet in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures says “it probably started earlier” than 200 BCE.

^ Beekman (2000) p. 388 & 394.

^ The proposed end date of the shaft tomb tradition varies considerably. Williams as well as the De Young Museum give a date of 300 CE. The International Council of Museums, on the other hand, provides a date of 500 CE, while the Smithsonian and The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures give 600 CE.

^ Coe et al. , p. 102.

Williams, Classic period page.

^ Beekman (2000) p. 388.

^ Covarrubias (1957) p. 87.

^ Christensen.

^ Meighan and Nicholson, p. 47.

^ Covarrubias, p. 89-90.

^ Kubler, p. 194.

^ See, e. g. , Kubler, p. 194.

^ Meighan and Nicholson state that the Chinesco types “merge in a rather complex fashion”, p. 58.

^ Kan. p. 21.

^ Kan, p. 22.

^ Kan, p. 17, who references Peter Furst (1966) “Shaft Tombs, Shell Trumpets and Shamanism”, Ph. D. dissertation, UCLA.

^ Kan. p. 22.

^ Covarrubias, p. 91. These “fillets” are often referred to as appliqus.

^ Kubler, p. 193.

^ Metropolitan Museum of Art .

^ Kan, p. 26.

^ See Taylor for discussion of the religious insight offered by these tableaus.

^ Foster et al. , p. 47 as well as Wiegand, p. 400.

^ In discussing ceramic types, Kubler, p. 195, refers to the “fattened and edible dogs of Colima”.

^ Among many others, see Coe et al. , pp. 103104, or Kubler, p. 195.

^ See these photos from Flickr for an example of a mask-wearing Colima dog. Another is part of the Stafford Collection at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (see Sculpture of Ancient West Mexico, Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima).

^ Coe (1994), p. 45 and many others.

^ Metropolitan Museum of Art, .

^ The Las Cebollas tomb contained 125 conch shells (Meighan & Nicholson, p. 39). Beekman (2000) lists conch shell trumpets, along with dogs and horned figures, as three examples of “common symbolic threads” of the shaft tomb tradition.

^ Danien.

^ Meighan and Nicholson, p. 59.

^ Kan, p. 126.

^ Weigand, p. 402. Weigand contends that the structures of the Teuchitln tradition’s ceremonial architecture “are unique in the Mesoamerican architectural repertoire and indeed are not found anywhere else in the world”.

^ Beekman (2000) abstract.

^ Beekman (1996), p. 138.

^ Meighan and Nicholson, p. 60.

^ Michelet, p. 328.

^ Meighan and Nicholson, p. 44.

^ Meighan and Nicholson, p. 50. Meighan and Nicholson state that one other example of a shaft tomb complex, dating from the Late Postclassic, 1000 years later, is found in Mixteca Alta.

^ Hosler, p. 16.

^ Kubler, p. 191.

^ Bruhns, p. 368.

^ Hosler’s essay focuses on this linkage.

^ Coe, p. 58.

^ Meighan and Nicholson, p. 33. Crossley.

^ Sund, p. 2.

^ Meighan and Nicholson, p. 36.

^ See Sund, p. 32.

^ Covarrubias, pp. 97.

^ See Coe, p. 58.

^ Among others, see Meighan and Nicholson, p. 58.

^ Lpez Mestas C. and Jorge Ramos de la Vega, p. 271.

References

A characteristic circular ceramic tableau showing over a dozen musicians and dancers.

American Museum of Natural History, “Mexican and Central American Virtual Hall”, accessed April 2008.

Beekman, Christopher S. (1996). “Political Boundaries and Political Structure: The Limits of the Teuchitlan Tradition” (PDF online facsimile). Ancient Mesoamerica (London and New York: Cambridge University Press) 7 (1): pp. 135147. doi:10. 1017/S0956536100001346. ISSN 0956-5361. OCLC 88113895. http://carbon. cudenver. edu/~cbeekman/articles/am96pap. pdf.  

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Coe, Michael (1994) Mexico, from the Olmecs to the Aztecs, Fourth Edition, Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-27722-2.

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Danien, Elin (2004) “On the Dilemma of a Horn: the Horned Shamans of West Mexico” in Expedition – Philadelphia, Vol 46, pp. 22-35.

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See also

Naguals, mythical shape-shifters often portrayed on West Mexico ceramics.

External links

A Chinesco ancestor pair at the Metropolitan Museum of Art

v  d  e

Pre-Columbian Civilizations and Cultures

 Americas

Paleo-Indians   Indigenous Amerindian genetics  Archaeology of the Americas  Indigenous peoples of the Americas

 North America

North American pre-Columbian cultures  Hopewell tradition  Mississippian culture 

 Mesoamerica

Mesoamerican pre-Columbian chronology Capacha Chichimeca Cholula Cocl Epi-Olmec Huastec Izapa Mixtec Olmec Pipil Shaft tomb tradition&Teuchitlan Tarascan Teotihuacan Tlatilco Toltec Totonac Veracruz Xochipala Zapotec

 South America

South American Indigenous people pre-Columbian chronology Caaris Chachapoya Chancay Chavn Chimu El Abra Hydraulic culture of mounds (Bolivia) Las Vegas Lima La Tolita (Tumaco) Manteo-Guancavilca Mapuche Moche Mollo Muisca (Chibchas) Nario Nazca Norte Chico Quimbaya San Agustin Shuar Sican Taino Tairona Tiwanaku Tierradentro Valdivia Wari

The Aztec Empire

The Maya civilization

The Inca Empire

(Inca civilization)

 Language

Nahuatl language

Mayan languages

Quechua

 Writing

Aztec writing

Mayan writing

Quipu

 Religion

Aztec religion

Maya religion

Inca religion

 Mythology

Aztec mythology

Maya mythology

Inca mythology

 Calendar

Aztec calendar

Maya calendar

 Society

Aztec society

Maya society

Inca society

 Infrastructure

Chinampas

Maya architecture

Inca architecture (road system)

Incan agriculture

 History

Aztec history

Inca history

 People

Moctezuma I

Moctezuma II

Cuitlahuac

Cuauhtmoc

Pacal the Great

Tecun Uman

Manco Capac

Pachacutec

Atahualpa

Manco Inca

 Conquest

Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire

(Hernn Corts)

Spanish conquest of Yucatn

(Francisco de Montejo)

Spanish conquest of Guatemala

(Pedro de Alvarado)

Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire

(Francisco Pizarro)

See also

Portal:Indigenous peoples of North America Columbian exchange Mesoamerican writing systems Native American cuisine Native American pottery Population history of American indigenous peoples Pre-Columbian art Painting in the Americas before Colonization

Categories: Mesoamerican cultures | Nayarit | Colima | Jalisco | Pre-Columbian art

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